Data show a slight increase in brain tumors among children and adolescents.
A new study finds that incidence rates for malignant brain and other central nervous system (CNS) tumors declined by 0.8% annually during 2008 through 2017 in the U.S. for all ages combined.
The decline was driven by trends in adults, whereas rates have slightly increased by 0.5% to 0.7% annually among children and adolescents over the same time. The report, appearing in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, assessed contemporary patterns in brain tumor occurrence in the context of incidence, mortality, and survival trends in the U.S.
This collaborative study with Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States researchers, led by Kimberly D. Miller, MPH, American Cancer Society, also found that although malignant brain and other CNS tumors are rare in the U.S., they account for a substantial burden of cancer mortality. In 2021, an estimated 83,570 individuals will be diagnosed with brain and other CNS tumors in the U.S. (24,530 malignant tumors and 59,040 nonmalignant tumors), and 18,000 people will die from the disease.
While incidence rates for malignant tumors are declining overall, survival remains low -- only 36% of patients survive more than 5 years after diagnosis, up from 26% for patients diagnosed in the mid-1970s. The slow progress largely reflects a lack of advancement in the early detection and treatment of glioblastoma, for which 5-year survival only increased from 4% to 7% during this time period. Glioblastoma accounts for 49% of all malignant brain cancers in the U.S. and 54% of malignant cases in adults.
Glioblastoma incidence increases with age, with the highest rates occurring among those aged 75 to 84 years. As with other gliomas, it is more common in males than in females (5.6 vs 3.5 cases per 100,000 population, respectively, during 2013-2017). Rates in non-Hispanic White adults (5.1 cases per 100,000) are more than double those in non-Hispanic Black adults (2.5 cases per 100,000) and American Indian/Alaska Native adults (2.6 cases per 100,000) and are >3-fold the rates in those who are Asian or Pacific Islander (1.6 cases per 100,000) for reasons that are largely unknown. Racial/ethnic differences are unlikely to be due to detection bias because of the symptomatic and aggressive nature of glioblastomas. As with other gliomas, the risk of glioblastoma increases with higher socioeconomic status, although this association is significant among White individuals only. The reason for this association of glioblastoma risk with socioeconomic status is unknown.
Incidence rates for nonmalignant tumors, which disproportionately affect women and Black people, are slowly increasing, likely due to improvements in detection and increased awareness. For example, incidence rates for meningioma, which accounts for 54% of all nonmalignant cases in the U.S., increased by 0.9% annually among adults from 2008 to 2017. Though 5-year relative survival for all nonmalignant tumors remains high (92%), patients often experience debilitating long-term effects from their tumor and/or its treatment.
The report also found persisting disparities among children. For example, mortality rates are the same in White and Black children despite lower incidence in Black children, reflecting lower 5-year survival (70% versus 79%, respectively). The largest Black-White disparities for children diagnosed during 2009 to 2015 were for diffuse astrocytomas (75% versus 86%, respectively) and embryonal tumors (59% versus 67%).
“Although the molecular understanding of how brain cancers differ from each other is advancing rapidly, we continue to know little about why these tumors develop in the first place. To facilitate greater understanding, it critical to have access to timely, comprehensive data on occurrence,” said Miller. “This is particularly important to understand the causes of sex, age, and racial/ethnic differences, especially for rarer subtypes and among understudied populations.”
The report also noted differences in incidence by sex:
- Malignant brain tumor incidence rates were higher in males (8.3 cases per 100,000) compared to females (6.0).
- Conversely, incidence rates for nonmalignant tumors were higher in females (20.3) compared to males (12.8).
- For malignant tumors, sex differences were largest among ages 45 years or older, among whom rates in females were 30% lower than those in males.
- For nonmalignant tumors, sex differences peaked in ages 25-29 years, among whom rates in females were >2-fold those in males (10.2 versus 4.7 per 100,000), a pattern driven by high pituitary adenoma rates in females in this age group.
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